Data quality and integrity are among the most important issues for any laboratory, and one of the most obvious ways to maintain quality in a laboratory setting is regular instrument calibration. Regardless of the type of measuring instrument, a traceable calibration is achieved by comparing the instrument’s performance to a standard. If the calibration of an instrument is performed out- side of the laboratory in which it is used, then this calibration must also be transferable. A transferable calibration is one that is still valid when the instrument is returned from the calibration laboratory to the user’s laboratory.1
Several calibrated items are very stable, and calibrations of these items are easily transferred (e.g., weight sets and other reference materials). Other calibrations are less transferable and will have to be performed in the user’s laboratory (e.g., calibrations of balances). For correct measurements, it is imperative that the calibrated instruments are used properly. It is therefore crucial that operators are properly trained to use all of the calibrated instruments applicable to their work.
Handheld air-displacement pipets are particularly susceptible to operator error2 and to changes in the environmental conditions in which they are being used (air and sample temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure).3,4 Due to these susceptibilities, pipet calibrations are poorly transferable and are best performed in the environment in which they are used. Ideally, a pipet should also be calibrated using the same tips and same technique employed by the user during everyday procedures.
The direct influence of environmental parameters and technique on pipet performance causes the overall uncertainty of volume measurements using handheld pipets to vary from location to location. Reducing those variations needs to be an important factor when considering the proper strategy for calibrating pipets. Such considerations become paramount in facilities concerned with method transfers and method validations and institutions operating facilities in more than one location.
Piston-operated air-displacement pipets are ubiquitous in laboratories around the world. The accuracy and precision of pipets, and hence their total uncertainty of measurement, are susceptible to a variety of parameters. Likewise are the measurements during the pipet calibration process, i.e., the calibration method, calibration transfer standard, etc.
In general, the cumulative uncertainty pertaining to the use of any calibrated pipet depends on the following parameters: environmental conditions (temperature of sample, ambient air temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity), the pipet tips used, the type of calibration transfer standards, the chain of traceability (who is calibrating where), the method of calibration, and the skill and proficiency of the operator handling the pipet and calibration instruments.
Several regulatory guidelines address the topic of pipet calibration in detail.5–7 These can generally be divided into three main categories based on their focus. ISO 8655-2 Annex B provides numerical estimations of errors due to environment, equipment technique, and equipment failure. These estimates provide a basis for overall uncertainty budget calculations.
Experimental results, as well as calibration results, are directly dependent on the quality of pipet tips and other consumables used. These topics are addressed in ISO 17025 Section 4.6.2, ISO 8655-2 Annex B (Tip Design and Quality), and ASTM E1154 Section 11.2.1.
Of equal importance to all the hardware and consumables quality requirements is operator qualification. This crucial topic is addressed in FDA’s cGLP and cGMP guidelines as well as in ISO 17025 Section 5.2.1. The latter stipulates that operators should not only be qualified through education, training, and experience, but also through “demonstrated skills” in the operation of a particular instrument. The central importance of these demonstrated skills for an organization’s quality system is highlighted in the example of a case study in the second half of this article.
When deciding on a suitable calibration method for pipets, laboratory managers should be aware of the advantages and dis- advantages of the various methods, and how each method will affect the uncertainty budget, and hence the transferability and comparability of calibrations per- formed with each method.
To perform exact gravimetric measurements, the following parameters need to be carefully accounted for, and the results obtained corrected accordingly. Environmental variables such as temperature (T), barometric pressure (P), and relative humidity (RH) exert direct influence on the liquid density (T dependent), air buoyancy (T, P dependent), and evaporation of liquid (T, RH dependent). Furthermore, it is important to minimize air currents, since they will influence balance settling and evaporative processes. Accounting for electrostatic forces (e.g., glass versus plastic vessels) is equally important, as is choosing a balance with the appropriate resolution (as set forth in ISO 8655-6) and timing the individual aliquot additions accordingly. Using the gravimetric method, the delivered volume (VC) of pure water is described by the following equation, with Z (conversion factor to convert [mg] into [mL], accounting for air buoyancy and water density), TW (water temperature), TA (air temperature), PA (barometric pres- sure), W 1 (weight of aliquot 1), W 0 (weight before addition of aliquot 1), and e (absolute value of weight lost to evaporation during each weighing cycle [time dependent], which needs to be added to each tare addition, in [mg]).
VC= Z(TW, TA, PA) × (W1 – W0 + e)
Since the gravimetric method is extremely sensitive to this long list of variables, a skilled operator is needed to perform pipet calibrations using this method.
Photometric measurements are largely independent of most environmental parameters, except the temperature of the analyte in the cuvette. For accurate photometric measurements, a highly accurate photometer and highly accurate reagents must be used. The absor- bance of a compound is described by the Beer-Lambert Law, in which AY is the absorbance of a solution of chromophore Y, εY is the molar extinction coefficient of Y, CY is the concentration of Y in [mol/L], and l is the pathlength of the cuvette.
AY = εY × CY × l
The molar extinction coefficient is temperature dependent, and can easily be corrected if the photometer records the temperature in its sample chamber, assuming all reagents used are well equilibrated. The most accurate photomet- ric methods measure the absorbance of two different chromophores and apply the Beer-Lambert Law to determine the volume of an added aliquot (ratiomet- ric photometry). The simplicity and robustness of these photometric methods remove the vast majority of variables and requirements described for the gravimetual calibration institutions within their respective jurisdiction.
International treaties govern the maintenance of the SI system, while national agencies such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig, Germany), and National Physical Laboratory (NPL, Middlesex, U.K.) are responsible for maintaining the standards of the International Measurement System and disseminating them to individual calibration institutions within their respective jurisdiction.
The choice of suitable calibration transfer standards is imperative for minimizing measurement uncertainties throughout the calibration chain. Calibrated masses for balances are a commonly used transfer standard due to the ruggedness of the material (usually stainless steel), the stability toward environmental conditions, and the ease of handling and shipping. Balances do not transfer calibrations well since measurements are greatly influenced by environmental conditions, local gravity, etc. (vide supra). Pipets are not a reliable calibration transfer standard due to the large impact of environmental conditions, operator skills, and consumables (tips) on the measured results. Ideally, pipets are calibrated at the location at which they are being used.
When comparing various calibration methods and calibration routes, it is essential to consider the individual laboratory’s requirements for total measurement uncertainty. In the following examples, the overall measurement uncertainty is denoted by the relative size of the blue ovals.
As shown in Figure 1, tier-1 mass laboratories (T1) compare their weights to the ones at the appropriate National Measurement Institution, rendering them traceable to the International Measurement System. Tier-2 mass laboratories (T2), in turn, compare their weights to T1 masses and extend traceability to individual calibration laboratories by comparing their weights to the T2 masses. The pipet calibration laboratory uses its traceable weights to calibrate its balances, which are used to calibrate the pipets sent to the laboratory from the various quality control (QC) laboratories (mail-in calibrations, shown on the left side in Figure 1).
The traceability between the pipet calibration laboratory and the QC laboratory is denoted as a dotted line; the traceability is questionable unless it can be shown that the pipet calibration laboratory used the exact same disposable tips, technique, and environmental conditions that are found in the QC laboratory, and that no adverse conditions during shipping compromised pipet performance.
The right-hand side of Figure 1 shows the use of a higher-tier pipet calibration laboratory for mail-in calibrations. Since questionable transferability in the pipet calibration still exists, the improvement in the overall uncertainty is only relatively small. It is evident, however, that it is difficult to compare measurement uncertainties of pipets that were calibrated in different calibration laboratories, in different cities, or in locations around the globe. This fact is important for any institution validating and transferring methods at more than one location.
Figure 2 depicts a more consistent method of pipet calibration: balances located in each QC laboratory are calibrated with T1 traceable masses. Uncertainties are reduced significantly with the use of a stable calibration transfer standard (weights), and the pipets are calibrated in the environment in which they are used, by the end user, and with the appropriate tips. Potential damage to the pipets during shipment is also eliminated. Pipets calibrated using this method in different locations will per-form more similarly than those described in Figure 1. All of the inherent issues pertaining to gravimetric calibrations (vide supra), including operator skills, still persist and will influence the total uncertainty. These variations may still be too large for some method transfer and validation purposes across multiple locations, particularly when microliter volumes are being handled.
Figure 3 shows a photometric calibration approach. Traceability of calibrations to the International Measurement System is extended to the individual QC laboratories by photometric volume transfer standards (PVTS). These standards are manufactured on equipment with trace able calibration to the International Standard (e.g., NIST), and extend traceable pipet calibrations directly to the QC laboratory. Highly accurate photometers provide a simple and robust calibration method that is largely impervious to environmental influences, allowing pipet calibrations with low total uncertainties directly in the user’s laboratory. Low uncertainties result as pipets are calibrated at their location of use, by the actual operator, with the appropriate tips, and without the potential to induce shipping damage. Calibrations are comparable from one location to another, since the same trace-able calibration standard is used in each laboratory, resulting in high confidence for method transfer and method validation tasks.
Maintaining proper equipment function and selecting high-quality consumables and reagents are a few aspects of achieving the highest level of quality and confidence in laboratory data. Just as important are quality considerations pertaining to the opera-tors using the properly calibrated, high-quality hardware. Numerous case studies have shown that opera-tor technique is one of the most frequently encountered causes of error in liquid delivery.
In the following case study, 54 quality control technicians from four leading biopharmaceutical companies were asked to pipet the same volume using the same calibrated pipet each time. The delivered volume was measured by ratiometric photometry with the PCS® Pipette Calibration System (Westbrook, ME). Each technician pipetted 10 replicates, the average of which is displayed as one data point in Figures 4 and 5. First, the technicians were asked to use the same pipetting technique as they typically employ in their everyday work. The results, shown in Figure 4, clearly indicate a wide range of inaccuracy and imprecision, with many values exceeding even the most liberal tolerance limits for assays. Those operators are prone to induce significant errors to assays, solely based on the amounts of reagents they deliver with a properly calibrated pipet. After the initial skills assessment, all technicians received pipet technique training, and were subsequently asked to perform the same pipetting task once more. These post-training results are sown in Figure 5. The improvement is immediately obvious, with many operators achieving results close to the pipet manufacturer’s specifications for this volume, as indicated by the red box in Figures 4 and 5.
These results are compelling evidence that operator skills need to be assessed periodically in addition to equipment functionality. All of the participating QC technicians had the required education and were trained and experienced in their job duties as required under cGLP guidelines. Yet their pipetting skills or “demonstrated skills,” as described by ISO 17025, were never assessed and therefore never corrected. In the end, even the most accurately calibrated instrument fails to perform properly if it is used incorrectly.
Confidence in the identical performance of pipets at various locations is imperative for successful method development, method validation, and method transfer steps in any organization. Variations in pipetting from location to location are minimized when the entire liquid delivery system (pipet, tips, environment, and operator) is calibrated together, using a reliable and traceable method, directly in the user’s laboratory. Frequent calibrations of instruments are commonly acknowledged and accepted, yet frequent operator training is often overlooked. It might be easiest to look at operator training as a form of “operator calibration,” ensuring that both the instrument and user are performing in peak condition at any time. This will translate directly into strong confidence in data and reduced costs for any laboratory.
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1. Rodrigues, G.W. Proceedings NCSL Inter-national Meeting, June 2003.
2 Vaccaro, W. Minimizing liquid delivery risk: operators as sources of error. Am. Lab. 2007, 39(17), 16–17.
3. Carle, A.B. Minimizing liquid delivery risk: laboratory environmental conditions as sources of error. Part 1: barometric pressure and thermal disequilibrium. Am. Lab. 2008, 40(2), 8–10.
4. Carle, A.B. Minimizing liquid delivery risk: laboratory environmental conditions as sources of error. Part 2: dry heat and humidity. Am. Lab. 2009, submitted for publication.
5. www.iso.org.
6. www.astm.org.
7. Regulatory documents may also be pur-chased on-line at www.webstore.ansi.org.
Keeping a continual focus on optimizing laboratory productivity, particularly in an increasingly global environment, Bjoern has been contributing to the development of international standards for over 10 years. He is a technical expert contributing to the efforts of standards development committees of ISO (International Standards Organization), ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials), and CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute).
Filling a void in testing guidance for users of automated liquid handling systems, Bjoern was one of the industry experts who proposed the development of the ISO International Workshop Agreement (IWA) 15 “Specification and method for the determination of performance of automated liquid handling systems,” serving as project leader and technical editor for the development of this ISO document. He is currently the project leader and technical editor for the development of a series of ISO standards (ISO 23783 parts 1, 2, and 3) slated to succeed ISO/IWA 15.
Bjoern has been contributing as technical expert to the revision of the ISO 8655 series of standards, serving as lead author and project leader for the new Part 8 “Photometric reference measurement procedure for the determination of volume” and project leader and technical editor for the revision of Part 7 “Alternative measurement procedures for the determination of volume.” He is the co-proposer, lead author, and project leader for the development of the new Part 10 “User guidance and requirements for competence, training, and POVA suitability.”
Key Roles:
Project leader for development or revision of:
– ISO 8655-7
– ISO 8655-8
– ISO 8655-10
– ISO 23783-1, -2, and -3
– ASTM E1154
– ISO/IWA 15
Technical expert in:
– ISO/TC48/WG04
– ISO/TC48/WG05
– ANSI US TAG to ISO/TC48
– ASTM E41 and E13
– CLSI
Heidi contributes almost 40 years of Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance experience to the Standards Leadership team. Having worked for decades in FDA-registered companies, she is well-versed in FDA regulations, audits, and inspections. As a Certified QMS Auditor, she has been responsible for all aspects of Artel’s ISO 9001 certification and ISO 17025 accreditation processes, as well as the corresponding internal audits. Additionally, she is an expert in industry-specific regulatory requirements, and ensures Artel’s continuous compliance with all applicable regulations and international standards.
Heidi serves as the secretary to the ISO working group responsible for the development of a series of new ISO standards for Automated Liquid Handling Systems, after having provided significant support to the development of ISO/IWA 15. Her standards development expertise is further applied in handling the balloting process of ISO and ASTM standards for the relevant technical committees in the US.
Key Roles:
– ISO/TC48/WG05 – Secretary
– ANSI US TAG to ISO/TC48 – Vice Chair
Responsible for:
– FDA regulations
– ISO 9001 certification
– ISO 17025 accreditation
– Internal audits
– Compliance to RoHS, REACH, TSCA, and others
Richard has been applying his scientific expertise to the development of international standards for over 25 years. He proposed and authored ISO 8655-7:2005 and ISO/TR 16153, based on the ratiometric photometric method for volume determination.
He was an active member in the ASTM International (formerly American Society for Testing and Materials) committee on laboratory apparatus, as well as in NCSL International (formerly National Conference of Standards Laboratories) through the 1990’s. In 1995, he became involved in the revision of DIN 12650 series of standards related to pipettes and other piston-operated apparatus, which led to the development of the ISO 8655 series of standards.
The co-founder of Artel, Richard was company’s original member delegate to the NCSLI – an international metrology association founded at the request of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This close engagement with metrology and measurement excellence was formative in the development of Artel’s measuring systems and laboratory capabilities.
He authored numerous papers and presentations on the topic of pipette calibration, which are referenced in compliance standards, such as the checklists issued by CAP (College of American Pathologists).
Key Roles:
Author of:
– ISO 8655-7:2005
– ISO/TR 16153:2004
– Performance verification of manual action pipettes, Am Clin Lab 1994
– Referenced in CLSI GP-31 A
– Referenced in CAP checklists
– NCLSI member delegate and appointing officer
– ASTM E41 member since mid-1990’s
George has been engaged in international standards and metrology for more than 20 years – working with colleagues at ISO, ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials), CLSI, and NCSL International (formerly the National Conference of Standards Laboratories).
He chairs the ISO working group responsible for the development of the new standard for Automated Liquid Handling Systems, after having co-proposed and chaired the development of ISO/IWA 15, which was published in 2015. He is the former chair of the ISO working group responsible for pipettes and other piston-operated apparatus, where he proposed the development of a new ISO standard for the “Photometric Reference Measurement Procedure for the Determination of Volume” (ISO 8655-8). George is also a technical expert in the revision of all parts of the ISO 8655 series of standards and proposed the development of the new ISO standard on Operator Training and Pipetting Technique.
His deep expertise in metrology is applied in the current revision of the ISO technical report on the estimation of uncertainty for the photometric reference method, numerous articles, as well as across Artel’s product line.
Serving as chair of the US technical advisory group to the ISO technical committee responsible for laboratory equipment, George is responsible for achieving consensus among US experts and articulating this US consensus positions the ISO international technical committee.
George chairs the ASTM sub-committee on laboratory apparatus and serves as secretary to the parent main committee. His metrology expertise was applied in the revision of the balance calibration standards ASTM E898 and E617, which is referenced in the USP (United States Pharmacopeia).
He co-authored the chapters about pipettes and liquid handling processes in the current edition of CSLI QMS-23.
Key Roles:
– Co-author of:
– ISO 8655-7
– ISO 8655-8
– ISO/TR 16153
– Proposer of ISO/IWA 15
– Proposer of ISO 23783-1, -2, -3
– CLSI QMS-23 – Contributing Author
– ISO/TC48/WG05 – Convenor
– ISO/TC48/WG04 – Former Convenor
– ASTM E41 – Secretary
– ASTM E41.06 – Chair
– ASTM E898:2020 – Revision Participant
– ASTM E617:2018 – Revision Participant
– ASTM E1154 – Technical Contact
– ANSI
– US TAG to ISO/TC48 (Laboratoy Equipment) – Chair
– ANSI International Forum – Participant
– NCLSI – Member Delegate & Healthcare Metrology Committee
Kathleen extends Artel’s commitment to using innovative processes for error-free results to Artel’s finance-related activities. Responsible for financial planning and analysis, evaluating strategic opportunities, budgeting, benefits, and compensation, Kathleen uses her long history of doing mergers and acquisitions from a consulting and business side to bring analytical excellence to strategic evaluations, and her experiences at larger companies to advance established processes.
When not at Artel, Kathleen uses all her experience in efficiency and productivity to care for her two daughters and their cat, dog, and horse and, in the very little time left over after that, enjoys travelling to other countries, meeting new people and learning about other cultures.
“Live life as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.” Mahatma Gandhi
Bernadette is the driving force (and friendly face) behind Artel’s content-heavy and customer-centric approach to marketing. She develops marketing/branding strategies and communications campaigns, and leads program execution and analysis by coordinating internal and external efforts, managing budgets, and ensuring consistency and adherence to Artel’s high standards.
Bernie’s strength lies in her ability to reach across all disciplines at Artel—scientific, engineering, metrology, technical support, product development, production, sales, and field support—to make sure that customers are getting the valuable information they need.
Bernie’s passion for detail, quality, and authentic content is expressed in her extraordinary culinary skills, whether the cooking is for an (extensive) family gathering or making a meal for the local community teen center.
“What people do with food is an act that reveals how they construe the world.” Marcella Hazan
John keeps one eye on the latest technologies and another on the challenges facing today’s life science labs. He and his team of eagerly engaged scientists and engineers test new ideas to enhance Artel’s current products and build out tomorrow’s solutions.
Like many Artelians, John is driven by a lifelong curiosity in the physical world around him. He has turned his fascination with spectroscopy and understanding how light interacts with molecules into products that solve real-world productivity and quality challenges for scientists. He was part of the original team that created the MVS and has been involved in product development at Artel since he walked through the front door.
Descended from a family whose motto is probably best expressed as “do a job right, do it completely, and don’t let go until it’s done,” John embodies this philosophy during the day at Artel. He propagates that motto to his kids through gardening, tapping Maple trees and exploring the great backwoods and waterways of Maine.
“It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.” – something Mark Twain may, or may not, have said…probably
Wendy puts her years of experience in the laboratory and her passion for helping people and problem solving to good use as Artel’s Technical Services Manager. Her background has given her hands-on knowledge of customers’ tests and assays, enabling her to understand their pain points since she has experienced them herself. Her goal is to ensure that first-class service is provided by Artel’s customer-facing team, whether it’s directly interacting with customers or through her management of the team. Through hiring, training and guiding her team, she nurtures productive, long-lasting customer relationships.
Wendy’s focus on customers also makes her an excellent internal customer representative to Artel’s teams, where she provides input on product development to the R&D team and communicates any quality issues with Artel products and services to the operations team.
Wendy’s drive to help others resolve problems is not limited to Artel but is evident in all aspects of her life, especially with her children. When not assisting customers, Wendy likes to stay active by biking, boating, and taking long walks in beautiful Maine.
“Nobody cares how much you know until they know how much you care.” commonly attributed to Theodore Roosevelt
Richard combines his scientific education, love of learning, curiosity, and passion for making things work better to build products that help life science labs meet quality and productivity goals. His favorite challenge is finding the bullseye at the intersection of corporate strategy, market need and available technology, and then figuring out how to create a product which hits that target. His leadership has been instrumental in shaping Artel’s products and services into the effective, easy-to-use, and quality-focused offerings that they are today.
When not creating tools and knowledge to help life science labs get the right answers every time, Richard enjoys the great Maine outdoors—canoeing, camping, and gardening—as well as woodworking (usually in the great Maine indoors).
“When you have eliminated every possibility for inaccuracy, then accuracy remains your only option.”
With years of pharmaceutical industry experience centered around analytical chemistry, automation, and new technologies, as well as a background in teaching assay development and validation, Nat’s a natural in his role at Artel as the primary driver and chief communicator of product applications. From optimizing assays, processes, and workflows to pipette user training and calibration, Nat communicates to customers how Artel products and services can improve quality and productivity.
At the same time, he keeps track of key assay trends and applications to inform new product development and strategic guidance for business development, partnering, and collaborative opportunities.
While typically a casual and friendly person at Artel and at home, Nat’s aggressive commitment to quality comes out when he homebrews beer and other fermented beverages and he’s even been known to kick people out of the kitchen to avoid contamination.
“Fast is fine but accuracy is everything.” Wyatt Earp
As a co-founder and President, Kirby’s role at Artel is similar to that of an orchestra conductor—he melds the different elements of the company into a powerful whole, bringing out the best in his colleagues and creating synergies that together overcome customer challenges in liquid handling, quality, and regulatory compliance.
Through a combination of curiosity and discipline, creativity and precision, he works with his fellow Artelians to build outside-the-box solutions that are efficient, easy-to-use, highly effective and based on science. Their goal: to ensure that each customer finds new opportunities and executes new solutions to achieve productivity and compliance objectives.
When not at Artel, Kirby takes up his own instruments, the saxophone and piano, playing for the approval of Charlie Parker and Gabriel Faure.
“Music is your own experience, your thoughts, your wisdom. Master your instrument, master the music. If you don’t live it, it won’t come out of your horn.” Charlie Parker
As the Production Manager, Jim maximizes Artel’s productivity and quality by ensuring that all supplies and components are in place, providing proper training for production personnel, maintaining effective processes, and supporting an overall positive, sound and safe working environment.
Driven by a desire to help others, Jim uses his 30-plus years of experience in the photometric instrument field to ensure that customers know they can rely on Artel, answering questions, solving problems, and guiding them through to complete resolution of any issues they have with their lab’s systems.
Like many at Artel, Jim enjoys cooking and home renovation, and is currently combining his helpfulness and home renovation skills by working on his daughter and son-in-law’s house.
“Seek first to understand, then to be understood.” Stephen R. Covey
An important part of building high-quality products, and providing services that rely on those products, is ensuring that the components and supplies are also high-quality and readily available. Which is why Jack focuses on keeping supply-side relationships top notch. Responsible for the extended supply chain—procurement, purchasing, inventory control, warehousing, shipping, and trade compliance—as well as Artel’s facilities and physical plant, Jack ensures quality by being both a good customer and delivering good customer service.
Jack’s adherence to high standards, quality, and attention to detail are a great fit for his work at Artel and can also be seen in the years-long home renovation project he and his wife have been undertaking. When not at Artel, Jack is an avid traveller, gardener, and connoisseur of cinema and literature.
“No one knows the cost of a defective product – don’t tell me you do. You know the cost of replacing it, but not the cost of a dissatisfied customer.” W. Edwards Deming
Officially, Graham is responsible for overseeing sales, strategic marketing, business development, and applications of Artel’s technology. In practice, this means listening to customers and leveraging his broadly eclectic scientific and business background to identify technological solutions that improve data quality and productivity.
Initially trained as a molecular biologist/protein biochemist, his many years troubleshooting misbehaving assays and analytical methods make him particularly well-suited to a role helping customers with their data quality. The many years at the bench have given Graham a deep appreciation of the importance of reducing sources of noise and variability which, together with experimental controls, can help save weeks and even months of wasted time.
When not at work, Graham’s total embrace of the experimentalist’s spirit is evident in his approach to cooking and baking, also known as “the experiment you get to eat,” which requires precision and tight QC of the ingredients as well as exact execution of the recipe steps to get the desired tasty outcome.
“I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind.” Lord Kelvin
With a specialization in metrology and a lifelong interest in both science and engineering, George is ideally suited for his role as Artel’s representative to metrology and standards organizations, laboratory accreditation bodies, and government regulators, where he helps shape regulatory frameworks around liquid handling processes.
These activities give George a deep understanding of regulatory compliance which, coupled with his metrology and quality expertise, he uses to help customers improve data quality and efficiency while maintaining regulatory compliance. This help is especially critical for customers making process improvements, as change can be challenging in regulated environments.
George’s interest in metrology and standards extends beyond his work at Artel (see how he celebrated World Standards Day in 2016). For example, in George’s words, “Deflategate could have been avoided with a properly defined and validated measurement process. With no stated reference temperature, the NFL cannot possibly regulate ball pressure to plus or minus 0.5 psi. A game of inches and seconds, $15 billion annual revenue, and zero metrologists!”
“Every system is perfectly designed to get the results it gets.” Often attributed to W. Edwards Deming, but more likely from Paul Batalden.
As the person in charge of Artel’s Quality Management System, Cary plays a critical role in making sure that Artel’s commitment to quality is always being met. By training employees and keeping all quality processes and procedures well-documented and up-to-date with current regulatory standards she ensures regulatory compliance, and by assessing and evaluating performance both internally and externally (Suppliers) and customer feedback, she supports overall productivity and effectiveness to ensure we meet our customers’ expectations.
When not working closely with her team members to maintain Artel’s quality management processes, Cary enjoys the peace found hiking in the beautiful Maine outdoors.
“Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished.” Lao Tzu
“Random is not one of my strengths.” Doreen Rumery
With a strong work ethic, thorough attention to detail, inquisitive mind that needs to know why things work (or don’t work), and passion for standardization, Doreen is exactly the right kind of person to manage Artel’s chemistry and calibration labs. She’s responsible for making sure the labs run smoothly, ensuring product and instrument quality, calibrations, regulatory compliance, lab personnel training, timely delivery of products, troubleshooting, and process improvements.
Doreen’s need for standardization is apparent even in her home life where spreadsheets and planning tools are used to ensure the household runs smoothly. When not at Artel, Doreen likes to spend time with her family (some of whom she also sees at Artel), gardening, and travelling with her many sisters and brother.
“Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, intelligent direction and skilful execution; it represents the wise choice of many alternatives.” William A. Foster
Table 1. Regulations that require demonstration of pipette competency training and/or assessment
ISO Standards | |
ISO/IEC 17025:2005 | General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories |
ISO 15189:201 | Medical Laboratories; Requirements for Quality and Competence |
ISO 15195:2003 | Laboratory Medicine; Requirements for Reference Measurement Laboratories |
FDA cGMP regulations (current Good Manufacturing Practice) | |
21 CFR Part 211 | cGMP for Finished Pharmaceuticals |
21 CFR Part 225 | cGMP for Medicated Feeds |
21 CFR Part 820 | Quality System Regulation for Finished Devices for Human Use |
21 CFR Part 1271 | Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-based Products |
GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) | |
FDA: 21 CFR Part 58 | GLP for Non-clinical Laboratory Studies |
EU: Directive 2004/10/EC | Principles of Good Laboratory Practice 1997 (Part 1), from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) |
GCP (Good Clinical Practice): | |
International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) E6 | Good Clinical Practice – Consolidated Guidance 1996 |